Special Examinations-Breast, Genital, Prostate, and Rectal Essay

Special Examinations-Breast, Genital, Prostate, and Rectal Essay

Healthcare providers must obtain objective and subjective data from the patient before making a diagnosis to ensure that the diagnosis is accurate. They also require past medical and family history, conducting physical assessments, and carrying out diagnostic tests based on the chief complaint and the symptoms. This essay analyses the subjective and objective data for a patient presenting with genitourinary symptoms. The diagnostic tests and possible diagnosis will also be discussed.

Case Study Analysis

The patient in this case study is AB, a 21-year old female who reports to the clinic with the chief complaint of having bumps on her bottom, which she wants checked out.

Analysis of Subjective Data

CC: “I have bumps on the bottom that I need checked out”

History of Presenting Illness: The patient states that she has bumps on her genitalia. She reports that the bumps are rough and painless, and noticed them about a week ago. She reports no vaginal discharge. She also states that she is sexually active, her first sexual contact was at age 18, and currently has multiple sexual partners. She reports a history of chlamydia 2 years ago and states that she completed the prescribed medication.

PMH: has a history of Asthma

Medication: Symbicort 160/4.5mcg

Allergies: Patient has no known drug allergy

Family History: no history of cervical or breast cancer. The father has a history of HTN. Mother has a history of HTN and GERD.

Social: Denies tobacco use, reports occasional use of ETOH

Additional Subjective Information Required in the Documentation

The additional subjective information that the nurse should include in the documentation consists of menstruation characteristics, the last menses, and the frequency. The nurse should also ask about any other known related disorders. Since the patient states she is sexually active, the nurse should ask about pain during intercourse and any bleeding. The information on sexual history is also important (Toney-Butler & Wendy, 2022). The nurse should ask about the first sexual encounter, the number of sexual partners the patient has had, and whether any contraception is used.

Analysis of Objective Data

VS: Temp 98.6; BP 120/86; RR 16; P 92; HT 5’10”; WT 169lbs

Lungs: Chest wall symmetrical, CTA

Heart: no murmurs, RRR

Genital: female hair pattern distribution normal. No masses/swellings. Urethra meatus intact without discharger. Perineum intact. A round, firm, small ulcer noted on the external labia

Abdomen: soft, nomoactive bowel sounds. Neg Murphy’s, Neg McBurney, neg rebound

Additional Objective Information Required in the Documentation

The nurse should assess the abdomen for any masses arising from the pelvis. The nurse should also systematically assess the urethra, clitoris, introitus, the labia minora, and the labia majora (Powell, 2021). The nurse should also assess the vaginal mucosa and record its characteristics. Any color changes on the abdomen should also be assessed and recorded. If there is any pain, the nurse should determine and record its type.

Assessment Support by Subjective and Objective Information

The subjective and objective information supports the assessment. The assessment is Chancre. Based on the chief complaint, the patient presented with painless, rough lumps in her genitalia. The subjective data states that the lumps are visible, and the objective data confirm that a lump is noted in the external labia. According to Valladares, Craig & Katz (2021), painless chancres can be a symptom of primary syphilis. They are formed at the primary stage of syphilis, approximately 21 days after exposure to the bacteria- Treponema pallidum. However, there are also painful chancres that indicate other conditions, such as chancroids. Painless chancres often disappear between 4-8 weeks, even without using any medication. Although rare, painless genital ulcers may also be caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serovars, the causative agent of LVG.

Additional Diagnostic Tests

The only diagnostic test that was taken was HSV to test for Herpes Simplex Virus

Other diagnostic tests that should be taken include:

Pelvic US/CT to diagnose any pelvic abnormalities

Full hemogram for systemic involvement

VDRL or PPR to diagnose syphilis

WBC to diagnose any infection

Diagnostics would be appropriate for this case. The diagnostic test results could be used to make a diagnosis. For instance, the VDRL or PPR test would show the presence of the bacteria that causes syphilis, thus diagnosing the patient with syphilis.

Primary Diagnosis: Chancres

The primary diagnosis is Chancres. I accept the current diagnosis. Chancres are a manifestation of primary syphilis. According to Tudor et al. (2022), painless chancres appear 10-90 days after exposure to the infection at the site of inoculation. HIV patients may have more than one chancers. They disappear on themselves within 2-8 weeks, after which secondary syphilis begins manifesting. It is important to treat primary and secondary syphilis results in the latent phase of syphilis. The case study’s patient presented with a painless lump. Also, she stated that the lump appeared about a week ago. Therefore, chancres are the primary diagnosis for this patient.

Differential Diagnosis One: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-2)

Herpes simplex virus is a viral infection that causes genital herpes. It involves herpes appearing around the genitals and may also appear inside the vagina. The bacteria causing herpes is usually transmitted through genital contact. Some HSV-2 symptoms include painful lumps in the genitals (Looker et al., 2020). Herpes may affect the genitals, causing pain/burning during urination. The patient in this case study presented with lumps, but they are painless, thus ruling out this diagnosis.

Differential Diagnosis Two: Chancroids

Chancroids are sexually transmitted infection transmitted through sexual contact that causes ulcers in the genitals. Chancroids lesions are more visible and roughly felt. Chancroids involve open and draining open sores on the genital area. Chancroid symptoms begin manifesting between 4-7 days after infection. Females with chancroids develop red bumps on the labia, which eventually become ulcerated and open, causing a burning/painful sensation during urination or sexual intercourse. Patients may also present with swelling in the groin and abdomen. In this case, the patient has red lumps on the labia. However, the lumps are painless; thus, the patient does not present with chancroids.

Differential Diagnosis Three: Donovanosis

Donovanosis, also known as Granuloma inguinalea, is a genital ulcerative condition caused by the bacterium Klebsiella granulomas. The signs and symptoms include having one or more painless lumps in the genitalia and groin. The lumps are usually rough and beefy-red in color. They also get larger, ulcerate, and may bleed with an undesirable smell. The infection can spread to the pelvis and disseminate to intra-abdominal organs such as the bones. In the case study, the patient presents with a painless lump in the genitals; thus, donovanosis could be the diagnosis. However, it is ruled out since the lump does not appear reddish in color and does not bleed.

Understanding the symptoms and the disease presentations before making a diagnosis is vital in ensuring an accurate diagnosis. It is also essential to compare different differential diagnoses, thus selecting the one that best suits the patient’s symptoms.

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

References

Looker, K. J., Johnston, C., Welton, N. J., James, C., Vickerman, P., Turner, K. M., & Gottlieb, S. L. (2020). The global and regional burden of genital ulcer disease due to herpes simplex virus: a natural history modeling study. BMJ Global Health, 5(3), e001875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001875

Morrone, A. (2020). Donovanosis, chancroid, and endemic treponematoses: Clinical features and control. In Sexually Transmitted Infections (pp. 319-335). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02200-6_16

Powell, K. (2021). Consultation and clinical assessment of the genitourinary system for advanced clinical practitioners. British Journal of Nursing, 30(22), 1288-1294. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2021.30.22.1288

Toney-Butler, J., Wendy, J. (2022). Nursing Admission Assessment and Examination. In: StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493211/

Tudor, M. E., Al Aboud, A. M., Leslie, S. W. & Gossman, W. (2022). Syphilis. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

Valladares, H. C., Craig, E., & Katz, K. A. (2021). Perianal Chancres of Primary Syphilis. JAMA Dermatology, 157(12), 1496. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.3763

 

Healthcare providers must obtain objective and subjective data from the patient before making a diagnosis to ensure that the diagnosis is accurate. They also require past medical and family history, conducting physical assessments, and carrying out diagnostic tests based on the chief complaint and the symptoms. This essay analyses the subjective and objective data for a patient presenting with genitourinary symptoms. The diagnostic tests and possible diagnosis will also be discussed.

Case Study Analysis

The patient in this case study is AB, a 21-year old female who reports to the clinic with the chief complaint of having bumps on her bottom, which she wants checked out.

Analysis of Subjective Data

CC: “I have bumps on the bottom that I need checked out”

History of Presenting Illness: The patient states that she has bumps on her genitalia. She reports that the bumps are rough and painless, and noticed them about a week ago. She reports no vaginal discharge. She also states that she is sexually active, her first sexual contact was at age 18, and currently has multiple sexual partners. She reports a history of chlamydia 2 years ago and states that she completed the prescribed medication.

PMH: has a history of Asthma

Medication: Symbicort 160/4.5mcg

Allergies: Patient has no known drug allergy

Family History: no history of cervical or breast cancer. The father has a history of HTN. Mother has a history of HTN and GERD.

Social: Denies tobacco use, reports occasional use of ETOH

Additional Subjective Information Required in the Documentation

The additional subjective information that the nurse should include in the documentation consists of menstruation characteristics, the last menses, and the frequency. The nurse should also ask about any other known related disorders. Since the patient states she is sexually active, the nurse should ask about pain during intercourse and any bleeding. The information on sexual history is also important (Toney-Butler & Wendy, 2022). The nurse should ask about the first sexual encounter, the number of sexual partners the patient has had, and whether any contraception is used.

Analysis of Objective Data

VS: Temp 98.6; BP 120/86; RR 16; P 92; HT 5’10”; WT 169lbs

Lungs: Chest wall symmetrical, CTA

Heart: no murmurs, RRR

Genital: female hair pattern distribution normal. No masses/swellings. Urethra meatus intact without discharger. Perineum intact. A round, firm, small ulcer noted on the external labia

Abdomen: soft, nomoactive bowel sounds. Neg Murphy’s, Neg McBurney, neg rebound

Additional Objective Information Required in the Documentation

The nurse should assess the abdomen for any masses arising from the pelvis. The nurse should also systematically assess the urethra, clitoris, introitus, the labia minora, and the labia majora (Powell, 2021). The nurse should also assess the vaginal mucosa and record its characteristics. Any color changes on the abdomen should also be assessed and recorded. If there is any pain, the nurse should determine and record its type.

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Assessment Support by Subjective and Objective Information

The subjective and objective information supports the assessment. The assessment is Chancre. Based on the chief complaint, the patient presented with painless, rough lumps in her genitalia. The subjective data states that the lumps are visible, and the objective data confirm that a lump is noted in the external labia. According to Valladares, Craig & Katz (2021), painless chancres can be a symptom of primary syphilis. They are formed at the primary stage of syphilis, approximately 21 days after exposure to the bacteria- Treponema pallidum. However, there are also painful chancres that indicate other conditions, such as chancroids. Painless chancres often disappear between 4-8 weeks, even without using any medication. Although rare, painless genital ulcers may also be caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serovars, the causative agent of LVG.

Additional Diagnostic Tests

The only diagnostic test that was taken was HSV to test for Herpes Simplex Virus

Other diagnostic tests that should be taken include:

Pelvic US/CT to diagnose any pelvic abnormalities

Full hemogram for systemic involvement

VDRL or PPR to diagnose syphilis

WBC to diagnose any infection

Diagnostics would be appropriate for this case. The diagnostic test results could be used to make a diagnosis. For instance, the VDRL or PPR test would show the presence of the bacteria that causes syphilis, thus diagnosing the patient with syphilis.

Primary Diagnosis: Chancres

The primary diagnosis is Chancres. I accept the current diagnosis. Chancres are a manifestation of primary syphilis. According to Tudor et al. (2022), painless chancres appear 10-90 days after exposure to the infection at the site of inoculation. HIV patients may have more than one chancers. They disappear on themselves within 2-8 weeks, after which secondary syphilis begins manifesting. It is important to treat primary and secondary syphilis results in the latent phase of syphilis. The case study’s patient presented with a painless lump. Also, she stated that the lump appeared about a week ago. Therefore, chancres are the primary diagnosis for this patient.

Differential Diagnosis One: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-2)

Herpes simplex virus is a viral infection that causes genital herpes. It involves herpes appearing around the genitals and may also appear inside the vagina. The bacteria causing herpes is usually transmitted through genital contact. Some HSV-2 symptoms include painful lumps in the genitals (Looker et al., 2020). Herpes may affect the genitals, causing pain/burning during urination. The patient in this case study presented with lumps, but they are painless, thus ruling out this diagnosis.

Differential Diagnosis Two: Chancroids

Chancroids are sexually transmitted infection transmitted through sexual contact that causes ulcers in the genitals. Chancroids lesions are more visible and roughly felt. Chancroids involve open and draining open sores on the genital area. Chancroid symptoms begin manifesting between 4-7 days after infection. Females with chancroids develop red bumps on the labia, which eventually become ulcerated and open, causing a burning/painful sensation during urination or sexual intercourse. Patients may also present with swelling in the groin and abdomen. In this case, the patient has red lumps on the labia. However, the lumps are painless; thus, the patient does not present with chancroids.

Differential Diagnosis Three: Donovanosis

Donovanosis, also known as Granuloma inguinalea, is a genital ulcerative condition caused by the bacterium Klebsiella granulomas. The signs and symptoms include having one or more painless lumps in the genitalia and groin. The lumps are usually rough and beefy-red in color. They also get larger, ulcerate, and may bleed with an undesirable smell. The infection can spread to the pelvis and disseminate to intra-abdominal organs such as the bones. In the case study, the patient presents with a painless lump in the genitals; thus, donovanosis could be the diagnosis. However, it is ruled out since the lump does not appear reddish in color and does not bleed.

Understanding the symptoms and the disease presentations before making a diagnosis is vital in ensuring an accurate diagnosis. It is also essential to compare different differential diagnoses, thus selecting the one that best suits the patient’s symptoms.

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

References

Looker, K. J., Johnston, C., Welton, N. J., James, C., Vickerman, P., Turner, K. M., & Gottlieb, S. L. (2020). The global and regional burden of genital ulcer disease due to herpes simplex virus: a natural history modeling study. BMJ Global Health, 5(3), e001875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001875

Morrone, A. (2020). Donovanosis, chancroid, and endemic treponematoses: Clinical features and control. In Sexually Transmitted Infections (pp. 319-335). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02200-6_16

Powell, K. (2021). Consultation and clinical assessment of the genitourinary system for advanced clinical practitioners. British Journal of Nursing, 30(22), 1288-1294. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2021.30.22.1288

Toney-Butler, J., Wendy, J. (2022). Nursing Admission Assessment and Examination. In: StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493211/

Tudor, M. E., Al Aboud, A. M., Leslie, S. W. & Gossman, W. (2022). Syphilis. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

Valladares, H. C., Craig, E., & Katz, K. A. (2021). Perianal Chancres of Primary Syphilis. JAMA Dermatology, 157(12), 1496. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.3763

 

Please note this is a analysis of a soap note. Please make to go directly by the grading rubric. Do not deviate from the grading rubric! Please answer all requirement of the grading rubric.

Week 10

Coming up in week 10….

Special Examinations—Breast, Genital, Prostate, and Rectal

GENITALIA ASSESSMENT

Subjective:

• CC: “I have bumps on my bottom that I want to have checked out.”

• HPI: AB, a 21-year-old WF college student reports to your clinic with external

bumps on her genital area. She states the bumps are painless and feel rough.

She states she is sexually active and has had more than one partner during the

past year. Her initial sexual contact occurred at age 18. She reports no abnormal

vaginal discharge. She is unsure how long the bumps have been there but

noticed them about a week ago. Her last Pap smear exam was 3 years ago, and

no dysplasia was found; the exam results were normal. She reports one sexually

transmitted infection (chlamydia) about 2 years ago. She completed the

treatment for chlamydia as prescribed.

• PMH: Asthma

• Medications: Symbicort 160/4.5mcg

• Allergies: NKDA

• FH: No hx of breast or cervical cancer, Father hx HTN, Mother hx HTN, GERD

• Social: Denies tobacco use; occasional etoh, married, 3 children (1 girl, 2 boys)

Objective:

• VS: Temp 98.6; BP 120/86; RR 16; P 92; HT 5’10”; WT 169lbs

• Heart: RRR, no murmurs

• Lungs: CTA, chest wall symmetrical

• Genital: Normal female hair pattern distribution; no masses or swelling. Urethral

meatus intact without erythema or discharge. Perineum intact. Vaginal mucosa

pink and moist with rugae present, pos for firm, round, small, painless ulcer noted

on external labia

• Abd: soft, normoactive bowel sounds, neg rebound, neg murphy’s, neg McBurney

• Diagnostics: HSV specimen obtained

Assessment:

• Chancre

PLAN: This section is not required for the assignments in this course (NURS 6512) but

will be required for future courses.

The Lab Assignment

 

Using evidence-based resources from your search, answer the following questions and support your answers using current evidence from the literature.

Analyze the subjective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.
Analyze the objective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.
Is the assessment supported by the subjective and objective information? Why or why not?
Would diagnostics be appropriate for this case, and how would the results be used to make a diagnosis?
Would you reject/accept the current diagnosis? Why or why not? Identify three possible conditions that may be considered as a differential diagnosis for this patient. Explain your reasoning using at least three different references from current evidence-based literature.

To Prepare
• Review the Episodic note case study your instructor provides you for this week’s Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your Episodic note case study.
• Based on the Episodic note case study:
o Review this week’s Learning Resources, and consider the insights they provide about the case study. Refer to Chapter 3 of the Sullivan resource to guide you as you complete your Lab Assignment.
o Search the Walden library or the Internet for evidence-based resources to support your answers to the questions provided.
o Consider what history would be necessary to collect from the patient in the case study.
o Consider what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be appropriate to gather more information about the patient’s condition. How would the results be used to make a diagnosis?
o Identify at least five possible conditions that may be considered in a differential diagnosis for the patient.
The Lab Assignment
Using evidence-based resources from your search, answer the following questions and support your answers using current evidence from the literature.
• Analyze the subjective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.
• Analyze the objective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.
• Is the assessment supported by the subjective and objective information? Why or why not?
• Would diagnostics be appropriate for this case, and how would the results be used to make a diagnosis?
• Would you reject/accept the current diagnosis? Why or why not? Identify three possible conditions that may be considered as a differential diagnosis for this patient. Explain your reasoning using at least three different references from current evidence-based literature.
–

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

With regard to the SOAP note case study provided and using evidence-based resources from your search, answer the following questions and support your answers using current evidence from the literature:

· Analyze the subjective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.
10 (10%) – 12 (12%)
The response clearly, accurately, and thoroughly analyzes the subjective portion of the SOAP note and lists detailed additional information to be included in the documentation.
7 (7%) – 9 (9%)
The response accurately analyzes the subjective portion of the SOAP note and lists additional information to be included in the documentation.
4 (4%) – 6 (6%)
The response vaguely analyzes the subjective portion of the SOAP note and vaguely and/or inaccurately lists additional information to be included in the documentation.
0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
The response inaccurately analyzes the subjective portion of the SOAP note, with inaccurate and/or missing additional information included in the documentation.
· Analyze the objective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.
10 (10%) – 12 (12%)
The response clearly, accurately, and thoroughly analyzes the objective portion of the SOAP note and lists detailed additional information to be included in the documentation.
7 (7%) – 9 (9%)
The response accurately analyzes the objective portion of the SOAP note and lists additional information to be included in the documentation.
4 (4%) – 6 (6%)
The response vaguely analyzes the objective portion of the SOAP note and vaguely and/or inaccurately lists additional information to be included in the documentation.
0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
The response inaccurately analyzes the objective portion of the SOAP note, with inaccurate and/or missing additional information included in the documentation.
· Is the assessment supported by the subjective and objective information? Why or why not?
14 (14%) – 16 (16%)
The response clearly and accurately identifies whether or not the assessment is supported by the subjective and/or objective information, with a thorough and detailed explanation.
11 (11%) – 13 (13%)
The response accurately identifies whether or not the assessment is supported by the subjective and/or objective information, with a clear explanation.
8 (8%) – 10 (10%)
The response vaguely identifies whether or not the assessment is supported by the subjective and/or objective information, with a vague explanation.
0 (0%) – 7 (7%)
The response inaccurately identifies whether or not the assessment is supported by the subjective and/or objective information, with an inaccurate or missing explanation.
· What diagnostic tests would be appropriate for this case, and how would the results be used to make a diagnosis?
18 (18%) – 20 (20%)
The response thoroughly and accurately describes appropriate diagnostic tests for the case and explains clearly, thoroughly, and accurately how the test results would be used to make a diagnosis.
15 (15%) – 17 (17%)
The response accurately describes appropriate diagnostic tests for the case and explains how the test results would be used to make a diagnosis.
12 (12%) – 14 (14%)
The response vaguely and/or with some inaccuracy describes appropriate diagnostic tests for the case and vaguely and/or with some inaccuracy explains how the test results would be used to make a diagnosis.
0 (0%) – 11 (11%)
The response inaccurately describes appropriate diagnostic tests for the case, with an inaccurate or missing explanation of how the test results would be used to make a diagnosis.
· Would you reject or accept the current diagnosis? Why or why not?
· Identify three possible conditions that may be considered as a differenial diagnosis for this patient. Explain your reasoning using at least three different references from current evidence-based literature.
23 (23%) – 25 (25%)
The response states clearly whether to accept or reject the current diagnosis, with a thorough, accurate, and detailed explanation of sound reasoning. The response clearly, thoroughly, and accurately identifies three conditions as a differential diagnosis, with reasoning that is explained clearly, accurately, and thoroughly using three or more different references from current evidence-based literature.
20 (20%) – 22 (22%)
The response states whether to accept or reject the current diagnosis, with an accurate explanation of sound reasoning. The response accurately identifies three conditions as a differential diagnosis, with reasoning that is explained using three different references from current evidence-based literature.
17 (17%) – 19 (19%)
The response states whether to accept or reject the current diagnosis, with a vague explanation of the reasoning. The response identifies two to three conditions as a differential diagnosis, with reasoning that is explained vaguely and/or inaccurately using three or fewer references from current evidence-based literature.
0 (0%) – 16 (16%)
The response inaccurately states or is missing a statement of whether to accept or reject the current diagnosis, with an explanation that is inaccurate and/or missing. The response identifies three or fewer conditions as a differential diagnosis, with reasoning that is missing or explained inaccurately using two or fewer references from current evidence-based literature.
Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:
Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused–neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria.
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria.
4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive.
3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic.
0 (0%) – 2 (2%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided.
Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards:
Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.
4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
0 (0%) – 2 (2%)
Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.
Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct APA format with no errors.
4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.
3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.
0 (0%) – 2 (2%)
Contains many (≥ 5) APA format error