Annotated Bibliography Essay

Annotated Bibliography Essay

Ng’ang’a, P. N., Aduogo, P., & Mutero, C. M. (2021). Strengthening community and stakeholder participation in the implementation of integrated vector management for malaria control in western Kenya: a case study. Malaria Journal, 20(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03692-4

Ng’ang’a et al. (2021) investigated the impact of integrated vector management on malaria management. The case study involved investigations in a malaria-endemic area and the adoption and sustainability of malaria management interventions. The researchers believed that integrated malaria management interventions such as vector and disease control are not the only interventions to help promote health. The collaboration of other stakeholders in the public and private sectors is integral.

The study was conducted in Nyabondo, a malaria-endemic area in Kenya. The researchers forged partnerships with the various department, including fisheries, education, health, forestry, and social services departments. These departments helped distribute educational material and special days to sensitize the population about malaria. Twenty-three local primary schools and 33 community-based organizations participated in creating awareness, reaching more than 10000 individuals. The fisheries department contributed to constructing 20 fish ponds for income generation for the community members. The study also revealed that more than 90% of the individuals had heard about malaria from governing and non-governmental organizations and about 34% were aware of mosquito nets. Only 15% knew about screening doors and windows as a protective method, and 100% of the respondents were ready to screen windows and doors given the correct information and resources.

The study showed that malaria is a huge problem, and organizations have played significant roles in educating the population about malaria. The lack of knowledge is the major hindrance to implementing interventions and knowledge of how, why, and when to use the mosquito nets provided accompanied the nets. Many people are aware of malaria and its prevention but lack the resources, and availing them will go a long way toward improving their lives and preventing the disease.

 

Kapesa, A., Kweka, E. J., Atieli, H., Afrane, Y. A., Kamugisha, E., Lee, M. C., Zhou, G., Githeko, A. K., & Yan, G. (2018). The current malaria morbidity and mortality in different transmission settings in Western Kenya. PloS One, 13(8), e0202031. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202031

Kapesa et al. (2018) studied the burden of malaria mortality, morbidity, and clinical presentation in various areas in western Kenya. Diseases affect regions differently, and the ability of each region to manage the infection differs. For proper distribution of resources, healthcare data needs to be analyzed. The study evaluated positivity rates on all suspected cases among patients and school-going children. It also evaluated healthcare data to determine confirmed malaria cases and the burden on outpatient clinic visits.

Moreover, it evaluated the outcomes of admitted patients as either discharges or deaths between 2014 and 2016. The survey registered a positivity rate of 6-38% in endemic and hyperendemic areas, respectively. The survey also determined that 47% of all admissions were malaria-related, about 17-25% of outpatient visits of children below five, and about 9%-20% were malaria-related.

Malaria incidences were highest in school-going children in endemic areas and highest among 5-14 years. The overall mortality was highest among children below five years. The study also showed that high fever, hyperparasitemia, convulsions, and prostration are the most common presentations of severe disease. The study had a significant population from hospitals in three areas with different transmission rates early (Marani, Iguhu, and Kombewa). The study is peer-reviewed and presents data congruent to other research studies. An analysis of the areas with high prevalence will help with proper resource allocation and the effectiveness of the interventions. The study shows that despite the many efforts to fight malaria, the disease significantly affects the population in endemic areas. Hence, directing efforts to the aforementioned prone areas will improve malaria outcomes.

Essendi, W. M., Vardo-Zalik, A. M., Lo, E., Machani, M. G., Zhou, G., Githeko, A. K., Yan, G., & Afrane, Y. A. (2019). Epidemiological risk factors for clinical malaria infection in the highlands of Western Kenya. Malaria Journal, 18(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2845-4

Essendi et al. (2019) carried out a study to determine the factors exposing the population to malaria. Understanding the risk factors for malaria can help relevant bodies implement interventions to prevent/reduce the burden and promote population health. The study used a mixed-method and confirmed cases from a healthcare facility and asymptomatic individuals acting as controls. The study showed insecticide-treated nets were associated with lower malaria rates in various households (odds ratio; 0.51). The use of malaria prevention and a higher family income were associated with lower infection rates. Houses with eaves and families with unemployed fathers had the highest risk for malaria infection. The study used a mixed method that increases the reliability of the results. The individuals were selected randomly in the community and the healthcare facility and followed, allowing the researchers to produce valid data. The study is peer-reviewed and produced within five years; the data is current and reliable.

Essendi et al. (2019) showed that malaria infection rates are significantly higher in families that do not use insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), with lower family incomes, and unemployed fathers. The income part shows that most of these families have knowledge but lack the means to support their families in efforts to reduce or prevent malaria infection. Anopheles mosquito, responsible for malaria, is highly active at night; thus, sleeping under ITNs helps prevent the bites and subsequent infection during vulnerable night-times. The study supports the use of ITNs for all families, especially those with younger children below five years, because they carry the highest risk for morbidity and mortality from malaria. Thus, purchasing nets for these families will significantly improve malaria prevention in malaria-endemic areas.

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Kamau, A., Musau, M., Mtanje, G., Mataza, C., Bejon, P., & Snow, R. W. (2022). Long-lasting insecticide-treated net use and malaria infections on the Kenyan coast. Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trac029

Kamau et al. (2022) conducted a study to determine the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) across all ages. The study was conducted 25 years after an insecticide-treated net trial was conducted in the same area. The study entailed four community surveys and a 12-month simultaneous survey in six outpatient government healthcare institutions. Many families reported using LLINs (74%). Most families with younger children (below five years) reported using LLINs. The incidences of malaria were significantly lower in families using insecticide-treated nets in all the surveys. Over the years, the incidences in Kilifi have reduced by about 9% due to the high rate of LLINs use. The incidences are higher in adolescents owing to the lower focus on them compared to pregnant mothers, newborns, and children below five years. The study is peer-reviewed and very current, produced in 2022. The study used data from healthcare facilities, primary data hence its reliability. However, the study used a non-randomized sampling method.

The study showed significantly lower malaria and febrile episodes incidences in patients who sleep under insecticide-treated nets. These nets reduce the incidences of malaria individuals presenting with fever in healthcare facilities after sleeping under LLINs. The study also shows the importance of using the nets in all populations because their use is inversely proportional to the clinical malaria presentations. The nets will help the families in these endemic areas to prevent malaria and have better health outcomes.

Haileselassie, W., Habtemichael, M., Adam, R., Haidar, J., David, R. E., Belachew, A., Abenet Mengesha, T.,Koepfli, C., Deressa, W., Parker, D. M., & Kassaw, N. A. (2022). Regional and socio-economic disparity in use of insecticide-treated nets to prevent malaria among pregnant women in Kenya. International Health. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihac024

Haileselassie et al. (2022) conducted a study to evaluate the regional and socio-economic factors affecting insecticide-treated nets’ utilization in pregnancy. The researchers utilized data from the Kenya Demographic Health Survey, a department that focuses on tracing healthcare data and program outcomes. The inequalities were assessed based on economic status, education, place of residence, and region. The study showed that insecticide-treated nets utilization was higher among well-off pregnant mothers and those with higher education.

The study shows that the ability to buy and access knowledge about malaria and its prevention were the leading factors in utilizing ITNs. Pregnant women from urban areas (associated with more knowledge and money) had higher usage rates than rural ones. There were also significant deviations in survey results between the various regions. The study is peer-reviewed and analyzes data from a reliable source; KDHS. It was also published in 2022, producing current data, and is produced by a reputable journal.

Pregnant mothers are prone to severe malaria, and their use of ITNs is paramount. The gaps in access to ITNs include a lack of knowledge, funds, and the region of residence. The areas mentioned in earlier assignments are the malaria-endemic areas; most are rural areas with lower-income families. Buying nets for these families and creating awareness of their importance and usage will promote better outcomes for pregnant women and the general population.

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Overview:
There are a several reasons for creating an annotated bibliography. Frequently, they are used to provide a quick overview of content that is relevant and useful to a topic but was not used as a referenced source in a paper. Sometimes an annotated bibliography stands alone as a document that provides a quick overview of a body of literature. Writing an annotation is good practice in the skill of summarizing the content and relevance of an article.
Instructions
Review the resources on how to select a credible source and how to write an annotated bibliography. These resources can be found in the Instructional Materials folder for Module 3.
There must be a minimum of five (5) documents/sources/references used in the bibliography. The documents must be beyond those required in or used in previous assignments.
Scholarly and credible JOURNAL articles must be used. Website references CANNOT be included. It\’s best to retrieve the articles from the library database and select the \”peer-reviewed\” tab.
Chosen articles are to deepen an understanding of the health issue and/or the country selected for the final paper. The content of the chosen articles must be clearly relevant to the content of the final paper.
Complete the annotation for each of the five (5) sources.
Each annotated article is to be on a separate page
Reference information will be included at the top of the page. Each source must be listed in correct APA Manual 7th edition format. If the references appear at the top of each page as is required for this assignment there is NO need for a separate reference page.
Each annotation must contain a summary of, an evaluation of, and a reflection upon the content.
You must include a properly formatted APA Manual 7th edition student title page.