Cancer Prevention and Management Intervention/Analysis

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrollable proliferation of cells, affecting the body tissues where the proliferation occurs. Cancer is one of the public health concerns globally, nationally, and locally. The burden of cancer continues to increase, with new cancer cases being diagnosed and many more undiagnosed. Cancer significantly impacts patient safety, care quality, and costs for the individual and the healthcare system. The global cancer burden is higher in developing countries. Cancer affects various health populations differently, with minority and vulnerable populations bearing an enormous burden. According to the National Cancer Institute, disparities exist in cancer prevalence and incidence, with higher rates among African Americans, although not in all cancer types (NCI, n.d.). The high prevalence causes high mortality and poor life quality in these populations. Therefore, there is a need to develop solutions/interventions to address the problem among African Americans. A cancer prevention and management intervention was developed as a solution to cancer among African Americans. The intervention will be delivered to the population in groups since the population is large, and the intervention is required to serve as large a population as possible. In this essay, an analysis of the intervention and the factors that guided the development of the intervention will be explored in detail.

Cancer Prevention and Management Program

The solution to addressing the problem of cancer in care among African Americans is a cancer prevention and management program intervention. The program will teach the population about best-practice cancer management and monitoring. They will also be encouraged to participate in cancer screenings and early detection programs, to enhance primary and secondary prevention. Awareness creation of the available insurance covers will also be a priority. The care providers will also be provided with recommendations on cancer treatment and management best practices and evidence-based practice recommendations to enhance care coordination, patient safety, and care quality.

Role of Leadership and Change Management in Addressing Cancer among African Americans

Leadership is one of the most critical aspects in addressing any health concern. Leaders play a significant role in galvanizing resources for implementing an intervention and seeking stakeholders’ participation and buy-in into implementing the intervention. Similarly, leadership strategies were considered in developing this intervention to ensure that all players in the cancer care field are actively involved. Leadership strategies include collaborative leadership and transformational leadership to influence organizational structures and processes. A collaborative leadership approach was applied to enhance the involvement of all stakeholders in the development of the intervention. The primary stakeholders in the cancer prevention and management intervention include cancer patients, other members of the African American population, nurses, oncologists, physicians, healthcare institution leaders, community health workers, and community resources leaders. According to Herlitz et al. (2020), collaborative leadership enhances the sustainability of healthcare interventions across different settings since the needs and considerations of all stakeholders are factored into the intervention.

Furthermore, the transformational leadership approach was applied to influence change in organizational processes and structures in implementing the developed intervention. Transformational leadership involves identifying desired change and developing a vision to guide the realization of the desired change. The leadership approach guided the collection of information from different stakeholders by including information on the change they would want to experience in addressing cancer in the African American population. The information was thereafter included in the development of the intervention, thus ensuring the needs of all stakeholders were included.

Change management also plays a significant role in developing and implementing healthcare interventions. The change management approaches that were used included planning for change and open and free communication among intervention stakeholders. Kraus et al. (2021) note that effective change management enhances easy implementation and reduces stakeholder resistance. Additionally, high ethical standards were maintained while involving the target population members. Ethical principles such as informed consent and autonomy were maintained since African Americans were allowed to participate freely and were informed on why the information was being collected.

Communication and Collaboration Strategies to Improve Cancer Care Outcomes

The main aim of developing the solution/intervention was to improve cancer care outcomes among African Americans by enhancing cancer prevention and effective treatment and management. It was integral to gather the input of the members of the health population on improving cancer care and outcomes. Their input helped understand their view and perspective on the cancer problem. From the information gathered, the African Americans recognized that cancer is a major health problem, and there was a need to find a lasting solution.

Given that the proposed intervention will require the input of various stakeholders to succeed, adequate communication and collaboration strategies are integral. The best practice communication and collaboration strategies to improve cancer care outcomes include involvement in decision-making and post-decision interaction for effective communication and role clarity for effective collaboration (Anderson et al., 2019). It is important to involve African Americans in decision-making for the intervention since they are the primary population of focus. Anderson et al. (2019) note that involvement in decision-making is not enough, and achieving patient outcomes requires post-decisions interaction to brief on the intervention’s progress and acquire feedback that can be used to improve the intervention. Additionally, it is essential for all players in the intervention to be clear on their roles, responsibilities, and their expectations to contribute to the success of the implementation of the interventions. For instance, nurses in this intervention are expected to carry out health promotion on cancer prevention and offer adequate patient education on cancer management to cancer patients.

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Influence of State Board Nursing Practice Standards and Governmental/Organizational Policies in the Development of the Intervention

Every healthcare intervention must be developed in line with the relevant state board nursing practice standards and governmental and organizational policies while considering the promotion of care outcomes as the overall aim. The state board of nursing practice standards regulate the nurses’ scope of practice and outlines restrictions in care provision for nurses. Additionally, the board regulates the professional standard for nursing practice. Similarly, these standards guided the development of the intervention by ensuring that the roles that the nurses were assigned in the intervention fall under their scope of practice based on the particular qualifications and the roles they were allowed to play.

Additionally, the Affordable Care Act, which encourages the use of affordable insurance covers to increase the accessibility of care, especially special care such as cancer treatment, also influenced the development of the intervention. The act stipulates that regular health insurance covers such as Medicaid and Medicare should also include coverage for vital health services such as cancer screening, treatment, and follow-up. The policy informed the intervention to include teaching/awareness creation on the health insurance plans available and accessible for African Americans, thus increasing cancer care accessibility and affordability, hence improving patient outcomes.

The HIPAA guidelines on patient information also influenced the development of the intervention since they ensured the intervention had put in place privacy and security safeguards to protect patient information and maintain patient confidentiality. Research shows that the above-discussed policies have shown effectiveness in contributing to better cancer outcomes for cancer patients across populations. Adamson et al. (2019) note that by the increased accessibility of healthcare insurance through the affordable care act, cancer care disparities have been reduced considerably. Increased access to quality cancer care tremendously improves outcomes among minority populations such as African Americans.

The Proposed Interventions Influence on Addressing Cancer by Improving Care Quality, Enhancing Patient Safety, and Reducing Costs to the Individual and System

The proposed cancer prevention and treatment program/intervention aim to improve the life quality of cancer patients among African Americans and improve wellness in the community since it is a high-risk community with high cancer prevalence and incidences. The intervention aims at promoting care quality by informing the care providers and other cancer service provider players on best-practice recommendations on cancer care, including technology use and current treatment and management interventions.

The intervention also aims to improve patient safety by teaching African Americans and care providers the best cancer management practices. The care providers will be taught how to avoid cancer-related patient safety issues such as drug interactions and medication errors. Most importantly, the patients will be guided n how to take care of themselves by monitoring various cancer aspects and seeking treatment as soon as they are diagnosed with cancer, thus preventing the disease progression, effective treatment, and improving patient outcomes.

One of the ways how the intervention aims to reduce individual costs is by encouraging African Americans to get insurance covers, thus catering to cancer treatment costs effectively. The costs of cancer to the healthcare system will be reduced by encouraging healthcare institutions to embark on health promotion programs focusing on early cancer detection. According to Liou et al. (2020), the earlier cancer is diagnosed, the fewer costs are incurred in treatment and management. Therefore, the proposed intervention will help promote patient safety and care quality and contain cancer-related costs.

Technology, Care Coordination and Utilization of Community Resources in Addressing Cancer Among African Americans

Addressing the cancer problem in this population relies heavily on technology, care coordination, and community resources. Technology that will be applied to address the problem includes telehealth and the use of imaging technology to help with the diagnosis and detection of cancer in early detection screenings. Telehealth has been found to be effective in providing remote care to cancer patients and enhancing follow-ups and technology-based health promotion initiatives (Burbury et al., 2021). Imaging technology will also enhance the early detection of cancer in screenings and early detection programs, thus encouraging early treatment and management.

Coordination of care among the various interprofessional team members involved in cancer care and the patient/families will help address the problem by promoting holistic care and providing more efficient and effective cancer care. Care coordination can be applied in cancer prevention and management interventions by setting distinctive roles for the various interdisciplinary team members and ensuring clarity of goals and expectations towards improving health outcomes for the patient.

Community resources are also integral in addressing the target population’s cancer. First and foremost, they provide information that cancer patients can use to improve self-management and monitoring of cancer symptoms. They also offer social and emotional support to cancer patients through cancer support groups. More so, health promotion initiatives focusing on cancer prevention and management can be delivered to African Americans through these community resources through increasing reach, hence contributing to improved cancer outcomes, health, and wellness in the population.

Conclusion

            Cancer prevention and management intervention is the proposed solution to addressing cancer among African Americans. Different health populations are affected by health problems differently, and thus the need to assess the problem from the population level and develop solutions/interventions to address it. The interventions analyzed above have been developed in consideration of leadership, collaboration, communication, change management, and care coordination strategies. Various nursing practice standards and governmental policies also influenced the development of the intervention.

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References

Adamson, B. J., Cohen, A. B., Estevez, M., Magee, K., Williams, E., Gross, C. P., Meropol, N. J. & Davidoff, A. J. (2019). Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid expansion impact on racial disparities in time to cancer treatment. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 37(18). https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2019.37.18_suppl.LBA1

Anderson, R. J., Bloch, S., Armstrong, M., Stone, P. C., & Low, J. T. (2019). Communication between healthcare professionals and relatives of patients approaching the end-of-life: A systematic review of qualitative evidence. Palliative Medicine, 33(8), 926-941. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216319852007

Burbury, K., Wong, Z. W., Yip, D., Thomas, H., Brooks, P., Gilham, L., Piper, A., Solo, I. & Underhill, C. (2021). Telehealth in cancer care: during and beyond the COVID‐19 pandemic. Internal Medicine Journal, 51(1), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.15039

Herlitz, L., MacIntyre, H., Osborn, T., & Bonell, C. (2020). The sustainability of public health interventions in schools: a systematic review. Implementation Science, 15(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-019-0961-8

Kraus, S., Schiavone, F., Pluzhnikova, A., & Invernizzi, A. C. (2021). Digital transformation in healthcare: Analyzing the current state-of-research. Journal of Business Research, 123, 557-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.030

Liou, J. M., Malfertheiner, P., Lee, Y. C., Sheu, B. S., Sugano, K., Cheng, H. C. & El-Omar, E. M. (2020). Screening and eradication of Helicobacter pylori for gastric cancer prevention: the Taipei global consensus. Gut, 69(12), 2093-2112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322368

National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Cancer Disparities. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/disparities

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An abstract is useful in professional papers, but not always in learner assignments. In fact, unless you are instructed by your faculty or in the course syllabus, do not expect to use abstracts very often at Capella. If you are submitting for publication, remember to check with the journal or professional organization about their criteria for an abstract. The abstract tells your reader about the article, is brief, and stands alone, so no citations are included. The format for an abstract is a single paragraph (not indented on the first line) that follows the title page and is less than 250 words in length. A structured abstract will have a single paragraph without indentation but having labels (e.g., Objective, Method, Results, and Conclusions) on the same line as the text and bold. For published works, the publishing organization will give you guidance on these. However, for student papers, no abstract is needed unless the faculty request one or the assignment requires it. Remember, no citations.
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APA Style Seventh Edition Paper Template: A Resource for Academic Writing
American Psychological Association (APA) style is one of the most popular methods used to cite sources in the social sciences, but it is not the only one. When writing papers in the programs offered at Capella University, you will likely use APA style. This document serves as an APA style resource for the seventh edition guidelines, containing valuable information that you can use when writing academic papers. For more information on APA style, refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, also referred to as the APA manual (American Psychological Association, 2020b).
The first section of this paper shows how an introduction effectively introduces the reader to the topic of the paper. In APA style, an introduction never gets a heading. For example, this section did not begin with a heading titled “Introduction,” unlike the following section, which is titled “Writing an Effective Introduction.” The following section will explain in greater detail a model that can be used to effectively write an introduction in an academic paper. The remaining sections of the paper will continue to address APA style and effective writing concepts, including section headings, organizing information, the conclusion, and the reference list.
Writing an Effective Introduction
An effective introduction often consists of four main components, including (a) the position statement, thesis, or hypothesis, which describes the author’s main position; (b) the purpose, which outlines the objective of the paper; (c) the background, which is general information needed to understand the content of the paper; and (d) the approach, which is the process or methodology the author uses to achieve the purpose of the paper. This information will help readers understand what will be discussed in the paper. It can also serve as a tool to grab the reader’s attention. Authors may choose to briefly reference sources that will be identified later in the paper as in this example (American Psychological Association, 2020a; American Psychological Association, 2020b). The Writing Center has developed the acronym POETS to help describe the proper writing style for submissions. POETS is the acronym for purpose, organization, evidence, tone, and sentence structure (Capella Writing Center, n.d.). There will be more on this later.
In an introduction, the writer will often present something of interest to capture the reader’s attention and introduce the issue. Adding an obvious statement of purpose helps the reader know what to expect, while helping the writer to focus and stay on task. For example, this paper will address several components necessary to effectively write an academic paper, including how to write an introduction, how to write effective paragraphs, and how to effectively use APA style.
Level 1 Section Heading Is Centered, Bold, and Title Case
Using section headings can be an effective method of organizing an academic paper. Section headings are not required according to APA style; however, they can significantly improve the quality of a paper by helping both the reader and the author, as will soon be discussed.
Level 2 Section Heading Is Aligned Left, Bold, and Title Case
The heading style recommended by APA consists of five levels (APA, 2020b, pp. 47–48). This document contains multiple levels to demonstrate how headings are structured according to APA style. Immediately before the previous paragraph, a Level 1 section heading was used. That section heading describes how a Level 1 heading should be written, which is centered, bold, and using uppercase and lowercase letters (also referred to as title case). For another example, see the section heading “Writing an Effective Introduction” on page 3 of this document. The heading is centered and bold and uses uppercase and lowercase letters. If used properly, section headings can significantly contribute to the quality of a paper by helping the reader, who wants to understand the information in the document, and the author, who desires to effectively describe it.
Section Heading Purposes
Section Headings Help the Reader. Section headings serve multiple purposes, including helping the reader understand what is being addressed in each section, maintain an interest in the paper, and choose what they want to read. For example, if the reader of this document wants to learn more about writing an effective introduction, the previous section heading clearly states that is where information can be found. When subtopics are needed to explain concepts in greater detail, different levels of headings are used according to APA style.
Section Headings Help the Author. Section headings not only help the reader; they also help the author organize the document during the writing process. Section headings can be used to arrange topics in a logical order, and they can help an author manage the length of the paper. In addition to an effective introduction and the use of section headings, each paragraph of an academic paper can be written in a manner that helps the reader stay engaged.
Section Headings Can Demonstrate Fine Detail. Short papers and assignments may not require or need a Level 5 heading, but these will be indented, bold, italic, and title case and end with a period. Note the text starts on the line at the end of the heading following the period.
How to Write Effective Paragraphs
Capella University’s Writing Center (n.d.) has adopted a new set of writing standards to assist learners in their goals to improve their scholarly writing. It is based on five skills known by the mnemonic POETS. In other words, a well-developed Capella paper will demonstrate the following standards. The paper will have a clear purpose statement, be logically organized, utilize current and appropriate evidence that is properly cited, maintain a scholarly tone, and demonstrate proper grammar and writing mechanics in the sentence structure (Capella Writing Center, n.d.). Academic writing is sometimes considered dry and boring. A learning experience may need that formula to encourage learning in different ways as the learner moves from passive learner to active scholar. This growth, according to Gilmore et al. (2019), requires the writer to not only think but also to write differently.
Bias-Free Language
In the seventh edition of the APA manual, another focus is on eliminating bias in language in order to provide a more inclusive tone in scholarly writing. While long considered a grammar issue, it is acceptable in APA to utilize they as a singular pronoun (APA, 2020b). In fact, there is an entire chapter of the manual dedicated to ways to reduce bias in scholarly writing. It is important to use an appropriate level of specificity in descriptions and use sensitivity with the use of labels. Other sections include guidelines on age, disability, gender, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and participation in research. Be aware of intersectionality, a term used to describe a person based on their identified multiple identities, interconnectivity, social context, power relations, complexity, social justice, and inequalities that can result in oppression (Cole, 2019; Hopkins, 2017).
Considering Direct Quotations
Another important point to consider is the use of direct quotations in papers. While plagiarism is considered an academic integrity issue, many learners are concerned with issues such as self-plagiarism and unintentional plagiarism, and there are others who may go as far as purchasing papers for submission (Colella & Alahmadi, 2019). As a learner travels along their chosen academic pathway, their writing skills and mechanics are expected to improve. It is imperative that the learner transition from finding information and quoting the author word for word to using the information to support an idea, paraphrase, and then synthesize and express the findings in one’s own words. Having said that, there are situations in which quotations may be appropriate, so it is important to cite them properly. According to the seventh edition of the APA manual, “When quoting directly, always provide the author, year, and page number of the quotation in the in-text citation in either parenthetical or narrative format” (APA, 2020b, p. 270). If there are not page numbers, identify the location in another manner (such as a paragraph number).
Notice that the above quote contains fewer than 40 words. There is a different style for quotes containing 40 words or more. These longer quotes use a block quotation format:
Do not use quotation marks to enclose a block quotation. Start a block quotation on a new line and indent the whole block 0.5 in. from the left margin. If there are additional paragraphs within the quotation, indent the first line of each subsequent paragraph an additional 0.5 in. Double-space the entire block quotation; do not add extra space before or after it. Either (a) cite the source in parentheses after the quotation’s final punctuation or (b) cite the author and year in the narrative before the quotation and place only the page number in parentheses after the quotation’s final punctuation. Do not add a period after the closing parenthesis in either case. (APA, 2020b, p. 272)
Conclusion
A summary and conclusion section, which can also be the discussion section of an APA style paper, is the final opportunity for the author to make a lasting impression on the reader. The author can begin by restating opinions or positions and summarizing the most important points that have been presented in the paper. For example, this paper was written to demonstrate to readers how to effectively use APA style when writing academic papers. Various components of an APA style paper that were discussed or displayed in the form of examples include a title page, introduction section, levels of section headings and their use, the POETS format, bias-free language, in-text citations, a conclusion, and the reference list.

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References
American Psychological Association. (2020a). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct (2002, amended effective June 1, 2010, and January 1, 2017). https://doi.org.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
American Psychological Association. (2020b). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
Capella University. (n.d.). Writing Center. https://campus.capella.edu/writing-center/home
Cole, N. L. (2019, October 13). Definition of intersectionality: On the intersecting nature of privileges and oppression. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/intersectionality-definition-3026353
Colella, J., & Alahmadi, H. (2019). Combating plagiarism from a transformation viewpoint. Journal of Transformative Learning, 6(1), 59–67. https://jotl.uco.edu/index.php/jotl/article/view/184
Gilmore, S., Harding, N., Helin, J., & Pullen, A. (2019). Writing differently. Management Learning, 50(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507618811027
Hopkins, P. (2017). Social geography I: Intersectionality. Progress in Human Geography, 43(5), 937–947. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132517743677

Appendix
Tips for the Reference List
• Always begin a reference list on a new page. It should be placed before any appendices, figures, or tables and titled References.
• Set a hanging indent that starts with the second line and is double-spaced. You can look in the Paragraph menu of Microsoft Word for formatting the hanging indent so that you will not have to tab the indent. It gives the text a smoother look that remains consistent, even if you make edits.
• The reference list is in alphabetical order by the first author’s last name. A reference list only contains sources that are cited in the body of the paper, and all sources cited in the body of the paper must be included in the reference list. If you did not cite it, do not list it.
• The reference list above contains an example of how to cite a source when two documents are written in the same year by the same author.
o The lowercase letters are used after the date to differentiate the sources. The “a” reflects the alphabetical order in the reference list—not whether it appeared first in the text.
o The year is also displayed using this method for the corresponding in-text citations, as in the following sentence: The author of the first citation (American Psychological Association, 2020b) is also the publisher; therefore, the word Author is no longer used in the seventh edition.
• DOI is the digital object identifier.
o It can be found on the first page of an article, on the copyright page of a book, in the database record of a work, or by searching Crossref.
o Even if the book is in print, if there is a DOI, use it.
o Always use the hyperlink format for a DOI—it will always start with https://doi.org/ and will be followed by a number. If the DOI is not in this format, convert it. Do not alter this format, and do not add a final period.
o There is a short DOI service at http://shortdoi.org/.
• URL is the uniform resource locator.
o If there is no DOI, the URL should be used in the reference.
o Copy and paste the URL directly into your list.
o Do not add a period at the end.
o Do use “Retrieved from” before a URL.
• The Colella and Alahmadi reference is an example of how to cite a source using a URL. Please note that you will not use the Capella link that is often provided in the courseroom. If the URL contains a database title, such as EBSCO or ProQuest, or the name Capella, do not use that in your citation as it will only work for Capella learners and faculty.
• For examples and further information on references go to:
o Academic Writer: Sample References.
o Academic Writer: Reference List.