Case Study Assignment: Cells: Joshua was excited to start his new research position in cell biology at the local university. He was fascinated by all the tiny little “organelles” and other structures within the cell.

Case Study Assignment: Cells: Joshua was excited to start his new research position in cell biology at the local university. He was fascinated by all the tiny little “organelles” and other structures within the cell.

Case Study Assignment: Cells: Joshua was excited to start his new research position in cell biology at the local university. He was fascinated by all the tiny little “organelles” and other structures within the cell.

Case Study: Cells
Brian indicates that the mutation is in a gene found in the mitochondrial DNA. What does Brian mean by that and why did he signify mitochondrial DNA?
Brian indicates that mutation is occurring in a gene present in the mitochondrial DNA. It means that the mitochondria are unique to other organelles in that they possess their DNA which is different from the nuclear DNA located in the cell nucleus (Habbane et al., 2021). Studies indicate that this mitochondrial DNA is passed from the mother’s side. It is essential for proteins’ encoding vital for various functions of the organelle. Mutation in this cell organelle can result in some types of mitochondrial diseases including Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON). This is the condition Brian’s brother is suffering from.

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What is the main function of the mitochondria within the cells?

Mitochondria is a complex organelle whose main function is the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) critical for the cell’s energy requirement (Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg et al., 2017). However, it has other functions such as controlling stress responses, and is the focal point for biosynthetic operations. Therefore, the main functions of this organelle involve cellular energetics. Additionally, they are reported to mediate signals to allow different cellular outcomes.
Describe the composition of the mitochondrial membrane and compare that with the composition of a eukaryotic cell membrane. What are the functions of cell membranes?
There are some differences between the composition of the mitochondrial membrane and that of the eukaryotic cell membrane. The mitochondria have double membranes, with the inner membrane containing proteins referred to as porins for enabling movement of ions in and out of the organelle (Schiaffarino et al., 2022). There is also the inner membrane containing enzymes for generating ATP. This is different from the eukaryotic cell membrane containing two polar lipid molecule layers (Zhukov & Popov, 2023). These show the difference in the composition of these membranes.
Although it is unclear how defects in the mitochondria can cause cell death in the optic nerve, what would be your hypothesis on how this can happen knowing the function of the mitochondria within the cell?
The research shows the mitochondrial function is generating ATP for energy production. A defect in this organelle can result in reduced production of ATP which is vital for the functioning of the cell. Therefore, a cell will lack adequate energy for its functions resulting in cell death. Concerning the current case, the patient has Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) which means the optic nerve is affected by the reduction in the amount of energy generated. Therefore, these cells die leading to vision issues.

References
Habbane, M., Montoya, J., Rhouda, T., Sbaoui, Y., Radallah, D., & Emperador, S. (2021). Human mitochondrial DNA: Particularities and diseases. Biomedicines, 9(10), 1364.  HYPERLINK “https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101364” https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101364
Schiaffarino, O., Valdivieso González, D., García-Pérez, I. M., Peñalva, D. A., Almendro-Vedia, V. G., Natale, P., & López-Montero, I. (2022). Mitochondrial membrane models built from native lipid extracts: Interfacial and transport properties. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 9.  HYPERLINK “https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2022.910936” https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2022.910936
Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H., Ouchida, A. T., & Norberg, E. (2017). The role of mitochondria in metabolism and cell death. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 482(3), 426–431.  HYPERLINK “https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.088” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.088
Zhukov, A., & Popov, V. (2023). Eukaryotic cell membranes: Structure, composition, research methods and computational modeling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(13), 11226.  HYPERLINK “https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241311226” https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241311226

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Scenario/Summary

Joshua was excited to start his new research position in cell biology at the local university. He was fascinated by all the tiny little “organelles” and other structures within the cell.

On his first day, Joshua was asked to give a presentation to a local high school.

“What can I tell them about the cell” he pondered. “There are so many interesting aspects that I don’t know what to include and what to leave out. I only have 30 minutes so I have to make a good, lasting impression on the students” he told his friend Brian.

“I’ve always been intrigued by the mitochondria” Brian said. “My brother has Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) that results from a mutation in the mitochondrial DNA. Remember when he was having trouble with his vision? Come to find out, he has this disease. The mitochondrial defect results in the death of cells in the optic nerve that relays signals from the eyes to the brain. Perhaps you can focus on that organelle?”

“I do remember when that happened. Since you know someone who is affected by a mitochondrial disease, perhaps you can help me?” said Joshua. “By the way, how is your brother doing now?”

Deliverables

Answer the following questions and save your responses in a Microsoft Word document. Provide a scholarly resource in APA format to support your answers.

Brian indicates that the mutation is in a gene found in the mitochondrial DNA. What does Brian mean by that and why did he signify mitochondrial DNA?

What is the main function of the mitochondria within the cells?

Describe the composition of the mitochondrial membrane and compare that with the composition of a eukaryotic cell membrane. What are the functions of cell membranes?

Although it is unclear how defects in the mitochondria can cause cell death in the optic nerve, what would be your hypothesis on how this can happen knowing the function of the mitochondria within the cell?